ABSTRACT
Urinary tract infection is one the commonest bacterial infection in clinical practice. The infection mostly occurs in the lower part of urinary tract i.e., urinary bladder and urethra in which women are commonly affected due to the anatomical variation in urethra. UTI are primarily caused by gram-negative bacteria, but gram-positive bacteria may also be involved. The most common pathogen is Escherichia coli with the frequency rate of 33%, followed by Klebsiella pneumoniae (11%), Staphylococcus aureus (22.2%), Pseudomonas sp. (7.4%). UTI is commonly represented with the symptoms related to cystitis and pyelonephritis such as dysuria (painful urination), increased frequency of urine, supra pubic discomfort and pain in flanks, etc. As per Siddha text, UTI can be correlated with the terms Muthira kiricharam which has other synonyms such as Neer surukku, Neer kadupu etc. Various herbs have been mentioned in Siddha literatures for the treatment of UTI. The main aim of this review is to summarize the scientific evidences supporting the medicinal herbs mentioned in Siddha text for the treatment of UTI.
ABSTRACT
Abstract In this study, physicochemical, microbiological, and sensory properties, antibacterial and antifungal effects of kombucha teas produced with some small berry fruits (blackberry, raspberry, and red goji berry) were investigated. During fermentation, titratable acidity and pellicle biomass weights increased whereas water activity, brix, viscosity, L* and b* values decreased. At the end of fermentation, the highest minerals determined in the samples were potassium and magnesium. Also, catechin and gallic acid were detected in all samples. Samples produced with blackberry were the most appreciated ones in all criteria. The highest antibacterial and antifungal effects were determined in samples containing blackberries on Staphylococcus aureus and Rhizopus nigricans (24.36 and 20.53 mm zone diameters). The antibacterial effect, MIC, and MBC values (0.023 and 0.016 mg/L) on Staphylococcus aureus. Regarding the antifungal effect, the MIC and MFC values were determined in tea produced with blackberry on Rhizopus nigricans with 0.035 mg/L, and 0.023 mg/L.